Idolatry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Idolatry - Essay Example The meaning of the term ‘idolatry’ seems to change depending upon the intentions of the individual employing it.   The Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines it as â€Å"the worship of a physical object as a god† or â€Å"immoderate attachment or devotion to something† (â€Å"Idolatry†, 2007).   The actual employment of that term, though, differs greatly depending upon whether one is approaching it from the perspective of the Hebrew tradition, in which the form of God is unknowable and thus impossible to represent through any kind of image or object, and the Christian tradition, in which the term is applied to any object that is not associated with the true God.     These two viewpoints are explored here in greater detail.The meaning of the term ‘idolatry’ seems to change depending upon the intentions of the individual employing it.   The Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines it as â€Å"the worship of a physical object as a god† or â€Å"immoderate attachment or devotion to something† (â€Å"Idolatry†, 2007).   The actual employment of that term, though, differs greatly depending upon whether one is approaching it from the perspective of the Hebrew tradition, in which the form of God is unknowable and thus impossible to represent through any kind of image or object, and the Christian tradition, in which the term is applied to any object that is not associated with the true God.     These two viewpoints are explored here in greater detail. According to the Hebrew conception of the term, the proper approach to the term ‘idolatry’ is one of strict definition and persistent vigilance.   God’s very shapelessness or indefinable nature thus makes it impossible for him to be represented by any shape or form that might be imagined.   Likewise, there are no shapes or forms that can take the place of God in the material world.   This approach definitely includes the Chr istian tradition of representing the image of Christ and the Catholic traditions regarding the form of the Virgin Mary.   â€Å"Worshipping G-d in the form of a man would constitute idolatry for a Jew; however, according to some sources, the Christian worship of Jesus does not constitute idolatry for non-Jews† (Rich, 2006).   It can be seen that the definition of idolatry used by the Hebrew people conforms strictly to the directives laid out in Exodus 20:3-4: â€Å"Thou shalt have no other gods before me.   Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image, or any likeness of any thing that is in heaven above, or that is in the water under the earth: Thou shalt not bow down thy self to them, nor serve them.†Ã‚   Under this definition, any actions that combine serving the idol, such as offering it gifts or sacrifices, that demonstrate love or devotion with any kind of ceremony or ritual can be considered an idolatrous action (Dolphin, 2004).  

Policy Implications of Psychology Model of Mental Disorder

Policy Implications of Psychology Model of Mental Disorder This essay will review the article Policy implications of a psychological model of mental disorder (Kinderman, P., Sellwood, W. and Tai, S., 2007), and discuss how this article is relevant to my future career, by comparing the ideas that it espouses with those in other articles within the same field. The broad idea that underpins this article is that existing mental health service policy is predicated on the medical model of mental disorder, and that a psychological model of mental disorder could help to inform or even replace the medical model in terms of shaping policy. Kinderman et al’s (2007) article presents the view that mental disorders are â€Å"implicitly assumed to be biological disorders requiring treatment with variants on the traditional medical care systems†. The article presents evidence from a number of different sources, including the National Office of Statistics, and the charity Mind, in support of the view that people suffering from mental disorders often receive inappropriate care, and that the underlying reason is the assumption of medical rather than psychological models of therapy. The mediating psychological processes model of mental disorder (Kinderman, 2005, as cited by Kinderman et al 2007) is the psychological model proposed to enhance or replace the existing medical model. This model sees social and cultural influences, as well as biological factors as causing disturbances in the psychological processes of people suffering from mental disorders, as the diagram from Kinderman et al (2007) below illustrates; The benefits of using this model are that interventions would be designed to benefit the underlying psychological processes rather than to treat a diagnosed ‘illness’ as part of a generic medical response. The model suggests causation is external to the individual, and that mental disorder is a response to external factors. The difference with this model in relation to the medical model is that the medical model only considers biological factors, and ignores social and cultural factors. Interventions, from this perspective, would therefore be much broader, and would include in large part mental health workers, with less emphasis on the more medically inclined psychiatric approach, and more emphasis on a multi-disciplinary approach. Kinderman et al’s (2007) article goes on to look at how services could be structured around a social rather than medical framework and how existing organisational and operational structures would be altered across management and front-line departments. How users would engage with a service restructured around psychological concerns is looked at, particularly with respect to the stigma felt by patients that is currently associated with the medical model of mental ‘illness’, and the implications for patient recovery models. The more community-based, ‘quality of life’ approach to caring for people suffering from mental disorders is emphasised across all of these sections of the article. A breakdown of how the roles of specific mental health workers would be affected by adoption of Kinderman et al’s (2007) psychological model is also provided. The role of the mental health worker in this brave new world would be very much as part of a multi-discipl inary team. The role of psychiatrist focuses solely on biological interventions in terms of impact on psychological processes, and the traditional emphasis on psychiatry over other disciplines would be replaced by a more collaborative approach within a team of professionals across a number of disciples. Kinderman et al (2007) propose that nurses take on a broader role that encompasses psychological interventions, may carry more responsibility for clinical decisions, but still based on personal therapeutic relationships in both community and residential care settings. Psychologists are seen mainly as supervisors and trainers, and as formulating appropriate interventions as part of a multi-disciplinary team, rather than carrying them out. Social workers supply the social perspective to the team, and would be involved in socially based interventions, as opposed to psychological or biological interventions. Finally, occupational therapists also focus on the social aspects of care, speci fically social inclusion, and the article suggests that a closer relationship between occupational therapy and return to work advice may come about. I have attempted to place Kinderman et al’s (2007) article into context by reviewing literature related to this topic, so as to understand the issue of the medical model within the mental health services from different perspectives. Petrie, K., Broadbent, E., and Kydd, R. (2008) look at the affect of the patient’s own perception of their illness in terms of how the patient engages with mental health services and rehabilitative efforts. The self-regulation theory proposes that individuals form common-sense beliefs about their illness so that they can â€Å"understand and cope with health threats† (Leventhal et al., 1997; Leventhal, Nerenz, and Steele, 1984, as cited by Petrie et al 2008). Individuals actively try to understand their symptoms and their illness, which â€Å"†¦drives the patients coping and emotional responses to the health threat.† Petrie et al (2008) are arguing that the perceptions of the patient influence how they seek help, cope with interventions, rehabilitate, and respond emotionally to mental disorder. This view aligns to Kinderman et al’s (2007) view that social and cultural factors are as important as biological factors in how the mental health services engage with people suffering from mental disorders, and how well people respond to interventions. People’s perceptions of themselves are heavily contingent upon how they think other people see them, which is a social and cultural influence on an individual psychological construct. As an example of this Kondo, D. (1990), in reflecting as a researcher on her own experiences as a Japanese American describes how people â€Å"seemed to be constituted in and through social relations† and how the self is a dynamic construction. From this point of view, it is likely that an individuals’ perception of themselves, because it is a social construct, will change over time, and particularly with respect to how they perceive the state of mental disorder they suffer from, and how any intervention progresses (or not). This fits with Kinderman et al’s (2007) recognition that individuals are stigmatised through the application of the medical model to them, in the hands of the mental health service. Rose, Thornicroft, Pinfold, Kassam, (2007, as cited by Petrie et al 2008) point out that â€Å"the diagnoses used for mental health problems are more often associated with negative connotations.† Mà ¼ller DJ, Mandelli L, Serretti A, DeYoung CG, De Luca V, Sicard T, Tharmalingam S, Gallinat J, Muglia P, De Ronchi D, Jain U, Kennedy JL. (2008) carried out research into the influences of genetic and non-genetic factors on adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). According to Muller et al (2008), there is â€Å"strong evidence that ADHD is highly heritable and has a neurobiological underpinning† (Faraone and Biederman, 1999, as cited by Muller et al 2008), and that â€Å"low socioeconomic status, parental psychopathology, and family conflict† (Scahill et al., 1999 and Biederman et al., 2002, as cited by Muller et al 2008) are all strong contributors to the risk of ADHD. This view aligns to Kinderman et al’s (2007) view that social and cultural factors as well as biological factors need to be incorporated into the model that underpins mental health services policy. Muller et al (2007) concludes that the inclusion of â€Å"environmental factors in genetic studies, [would help] to resolve†¦Ã¢â‚¬  inconsistencies in studies of ADHD and of â€Å"†¦other psychiatric disorders.† Again, the importance of social and cultural factors as well as biological factors in understanding mental disorder is emphasised. Much research has linked suicide, and having suicidal thoughts, to depressive disorders. For example, â€Å"most adolescents with depressive disorders report significant suicidal ideation, and a significant minority report having made a suicide attempt during the course of their depression (Myers, McCauley, Calderon, Treder, 1991, as cited by Brown, R., Antonuccio, D., DuPaul, G., Fristad, M., King, C., Leslie, L., McCormick, G., Pelham, W., Piacentini, J., Vitiello, B., and Brown, R. 2008). It can be argued that suicide is a profoundly individual act. According to Durkheim, the motives of an individual could be explained by psychology, but psychology did not provide a general explanation of suicide as a ‘social fact’ (Smith, M., 1998). In Suicide (1897/1952, as cited by Smith, M. 1998), Durkheim studied suicide rates across time and place, and found patterns between suicide rates and amongst other factors, the geographic location of people that committed suicide, and membership of religious groups. It would seem that social and cultural factors had a very real impact upon the state of mind of individuals, and that there may also be psychological factors at play. In relation to the article under review here, it would therefore seem that not only do social and cultural processes need to be taken into account when caring for people with mental disorders, but psychological factors also influence, or perhaps mediate how social and cultural factors influence, the individual. This is broadly in line with Kinderman et al’s (2007) model, although the relationship between biological and psychological factors is not clear, and could stand further research, notwithstanding the limitations of this particular essay. It would also seem that professionals and researchers across several disciplines and schools of thought relating to mental disorders agree with Kinderman et al’s (2007) article, in terms of the need to include social and cultural factors in understanding and caring for people with mental disorders. In terms of my own career, Kinderman et al’s (2007) article illustrates the inadequacies within the existing structure and approach of mental health services, and how the mental health services could be improved by broadening the focus of the underlying model to include social and cultural causation of disruptions to individual psychological processes. I am unsure of how biological processes and psychological processes interrelate in terms of Kinderman et al’s (2007) model, but I would assume that in line with the deterministic causation of social and cultural factors, that psychological factors were are derived from biological factors. As a student considering a career in the mental health services, I see Kinderman et al’s (2007) article as very relevant. I chose the Kinderman et al (2007) article for review as it was of personal interest to me, and relevant to issues I may have to confront both in my future studies, and in my chosen career. I am specifically in terested in how people are engaged with by the mental health services, and how effective that engagement is, in terms of promoting individual agency, and respecting individual differences. My own feelings and thoughts around how people shape themselves, how people are shaped by external factors, and how people should be treated by society and by the mental health services, tend toward equality and non-judgemental institutions, processes and workers. Kinderman et al’s (2007) article and the thinking it embodies is provocative and very interesting, as it challenges the status quo, and the accepted medical model; a model that sees people as merely organisms rather than people with their own feelings, thoughts, histories and needs. As someone planning to work in the mental health arena, I would prefer to work within a structure that aligned with my own ideals and values, rather than being constrained by the ideas and values of the institution, and not being able to work in a way that I thought was effective and valuable. In writing this essay, the academic skills I have used include summarising, picking out key points, selecting relevant materials relating to the article under review, and constructing a logical flow of argument. I read the article itself through several times, first just to get a broad idea of the thrust of the article, and then again more carefully, paying attention to the points raised, and any thoughts I had related to the points raised. I noted down all of the ideas I had about the article at each reading, and used them to formulate a list of subjects for searching under on-line. These subjects included the main ideas underpinning the article, which included terms like medical, biological, illness, sickness, treatments, diagnosis, social / cultural influences (family, environment, socio-economic) psychological disorders, and related ideas like mental health, mental illness, intervention, child development, genetics, and psychiatry. I accessed the Open University library and carri ed out key word searches using different combinations of the terms themselves until I found articles that I could relate to the Kinderman et al (2007) article under review, and read, summarised and picked out key points. I then wrote up a rough essay plan that threaded all of the articles together, incorporating the key points of each, and led to the conclusion I had in mind, that is, the article was relevant to me, and was more or less supported by the additional reading I had done. I find studying academic skills as a subject useful, in that I feel as if I am developing a technique for better comprehending information and better expressing myself, by utilising evidence to support my views. This helps me to feel confident in approaching tasks that I may have felt previously were challenging because I was not comfortable that I knew how to achieve the objectives. I think I understand more about the process of working through information and evidence, with a view to applying that evidence to what I need to achieve. I feel as if I can see a logical path, which will help me to understand something and apply it in the way that I need to. In reflection, I think that one of the skills I have learnt is to break down things into smaller chunks that are more manageable. Taking a more methodical approach allows me to make sure I understand something fully before I move on to the next thing. This makes me feel as if I am achieving something at each step, rather than just gr inding through a long task with no clear end in sight. It helps me to feel as if I am in control, and as if I know what I am doing, which I think is what makes me feel more confident. In conclusion then, studying academic skills makes me feel more confident about tackling difficult tasks for which I would not previously have had the skills or confidence to tackle, and I demonstrated this to myself in carrying out this assignment. Bibliography References Kinderman, Peter, Sellwood, William and Tai, Sara (2007)Policy implications of a psychological model of mental disorder, Journal of Mental Health,17:1,93 — 103 Kinderman, Peter, and Tai, Sara (2008)‘Psychological models of mental disorder, human rights, and compulsory mental health care in the community’, International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, Volume 31, Issue 6, December 2008, Pages 479-486 Petrie, Keith J. ; Broadbent, Elizabeth ; Kydd, Robert , (2008), Illness perceptions in mental health: Issues and potential applications, Journal of Mental Health, Volume 17, Issue 6 December 2008 , pages 559 564 Mà ¼ller DJ, Mandelli L, Serretti A, DeYoung CG, De Luca V, Sicard T, Tharmalingam S, Gallinat J, Muglia P, De Ronchi D, Jain U, Kennedy JL. (2008). Serotonin Transporter Gene and Adverse Life Events in Adult ADHD. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B 147B:1461-1469. Kondo, D. (1990), Crafting Selves: Power, Gender and Discourses of Identity in a Japanese Workplace, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, pp. 9, 11-24 Brown, R.T.; Antonuccio, D.O.; DuPaul, G.J.; Fristad, M.A.; King, C.A.; Leslie, L.K.; McCormick, G.S.; Pelham, W.E. Jr.; Piacentini, J.C.; Vitiello, B. (2008), Depressive disorders and suicidality, in Childhood mental health disorders: Evidence base and contextual factors for psychosocial, psychopharmacological, and combined interventions.; pp. 69-85. Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association. xii, 207 pp. Smith, M., (1998), Social Science in Question, London, Sage Publications in association with the Open University Press, p84

General Othello in Othello Essay -- Othello essays

     Ã‚  Ã‚   William Shakespeare gave us a most moving drama in Othello. In this play we witness the demise of a â€Å"paragon† of a wife and a â€Å"valiant Moor†, Othello. Let us consider the Moor in detail, with professional critical input, in this essay. From the text of the play a number of clues can be gleaned which round out the description of the general. In William Shakespeare: The Tragedies, Paul A. Jorgensen describes the general in Othello: Though scarcely the â€Å"barbarian† (1.3.353) he is called, the Moor is emphatically black, probably rough, even fearsome, in appearance, and a foreign mercenary from Mauritania in refined Venice. Though of royal blood, since the age of seven he had a restrictive, painful life, being sold into slavery and spending most of his life in â€Å"the tented field† (1.3.85). His â€Å"occupation† (3.3.357), to a degree found in no other Shakespearean hero, is war. He can therefore speak of the great world little â€Å"more than pertains to feats of broil and battle† (1.3.87). But that he loves the gentle Desdemona, he would to have given up a life of unsettled war and his â€Å"unhoused free condition / †¦ For the sea’s worth† (1.2.26-27). (58)    The first appearance of the protagonist is in Act 1 Scene2, where Iago is pathologically lying about Brabantio and himself and the ancient’s relations with the general and about everything in general. Othello responds very coolly and confidently to the pressing issue of Brabantio’s mob coming after him: â€Å"Let him do his spite. / My services which I have done the signiory / Shall out-tongue his complaints.† However, Cassio’s party approaches first, with a demand for the general’s â€Å"haste-post-haste appearance† before the Venetian council due to the Turkish attempt on Cyp... ... rises to the occasion and refutes the lies of her husband – at the price of her life. Her martyr-like example inspires Othello to sacrifice his life next to the corpse of Desdemona; for he â€Å"Like the base Judean, threw a pearl away / Richer than all his tribe [. . .] .† He dies a noble death, just as he has lived a noble life. Michael Cassio’s evaluation of his end is our evaluation: â€Å"This did I fear, but thought he had no weapon; / For he was great of heart.†       WORKS CITED    Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http://www.eiu.edu/~multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos.    Coles, Blanche. Shakespeare’s Four Giants. Rindge, New Hampshire: Richard Smith Publisher, 1957.    Jorgensen, Paul A. William Shakespeare: The Tragedies. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1985.   

Iron deficiency Essay

Iron deficiency is a decrease in the number of red blood cells in the blood due to a lack of iron. Iron deficiency anemia is the most common form of anemia in children. You get iron through certain foods, and your body reuses iron from old red blood cells. Iron deficiency (too little iron) may be caused by; an iron poor diet (this is the most common cause) the body not being able to absorb iron very well. Lilly is a 4-year old Caucasian female she suffers from a disorder called Iron Deficiency anemia disorder. This occurs when there is not enough iron in the body. The reason Lily has Iron Deficiency disorder is because of her diet. Iron is the major component of hemoglobin and is essential for its proper function. Hemoglobin is a part of the red blood cells; it carries oxygen throughout the body without enough iron the body produces less and not as many red blood cells form. Lily is a picky eater and only drinking fruit punch and eating starchy foods is a contributing factor to her condition. Some of the symptoms to Iron Deficiency Anemia are blue-tinged or very pale whites of the eyes, blood in stool, pale skin color, and weakness. Lily shows signs of some of these. Even though Lily’s mother is single and on a low budget, there are things, she can do to prevent this. There are iron supplements that can be taken by mouth or given by injection into a muscle or vein. The most important thing in preventing this disorder or or correcting it is to eat iron rich foods such as raisins, meats, (especially liver), fish, poultry, eggs, soup beans, and whole grain bread. Prognosis with change in supplements or iron rich diet most cases the blood counts will return to normal within a couple of months. Davon is a 5-year-old African American whose mother carries the sickle cell trait. Sickle Cell disease is an inherited blood disorder that affects red blood cells. The sickle cell gene causes the body to produce abnormal hemoglobin. In sickle cell disease, the hemoglobin clumps together, causing red blood cells to become stiff and develop C-shaped (sickle) form. These sickled red blood cells can block blood vessels, reducing blood flow to many parts of the body. This process can result in tissue and organ damage.. Hemoglobin and Iron; each red blood cell contains about 280 million hemoglobin molecules. Hemoglobin is the most important component of red blood cells. It is composed of protein (globulin) and a molecule (heme) which binds to iron. You can understand Darvon’s mothers concern since about 70,000-100,000 Americans- mostly African Americans have Sickle cell disease. About 2 million Americans have sickle cell trait. Sickle cell is inherited and people at risk for inheriting the gene for sickle cell descend from people who are or were originally from Africa or parts of India and the Mediterranean. Blood test can determine whether an individual has sickle cell trait or sickle cell disease. Prevention and lifestyle changes general precautions to prevent and reduce the severity of long-term complications of sickle cell disease, several precautions may be helpful. Have regular physical examinations every 3-6 months. Have periotic and careful eye examinations. Have sufficient rest, warmth, and increase fluid intake. These are critical precautions for reducing oxygen loss and the risk of dehydration. Avoid crowds that increase the risk for infection. Spencer suffers from a condition called Thrombocytopenia. Thrombocytopenia is a condition in which there is a deficient number of circulating platelets. Platelets are parts of the blood that help blood to clot. Thrombocytopenia often divided into three major causes of low platelets: Low production of platelets in the marrow increased breakdown of platelets in the bloodstream and an increased breakdown of platelets in the spleen or liver. Spencer has noticed over the last several weeks an increase in ecchymosis, which is the passage of blood from ruptured blood vessels into subcutaneous tissue marked by a purple discoloration of the skin or bruising. Some of the causes of Thrombocytopenia are accidental eye injury, anorexia nervosa, cirrhosis and liver disease. Treatment depends on the cause of the condition. In some cases, a transfusion of platelets may be required to stop or prevent bleeding Prevention would depend on the specific cause.

Health Care Economics Essay

The economics of United States health care has been through many changes over its history. There are multiple factors to what caused the changes to the health care system over time with changes such as technological advances in medicine and surgical devices, new medical discoveries, and financial laws pertaining to health care. Just as with other businesses, the health care industry’s economy would depend upon supply and demand of their services. Throughout the time that health care has been undergoing these changes, it remains that the economical situation in health care has been the main focal point to how well that health organizations in the United States will perform. In the early 1900s doctors were just beginning to cease being expected to offer care for free, medical care costs were finally becoming emphasized, and insurances were just getting involved into the health care industry (PBS, 2012). The idea of a national health care policy is first introduced by President Truman in 1945, he would be denied by the American Medical Association campaign against the idea. Eventually in 1960 the American Medical Association would develop a national policy as well that would be signed into law by President Johnson and would become the foundations for Medicare and Medicaid (Rebelo 2007). As of the past two decades, the cost of health care have rapidly been on the rise (PBS, 2012). As new medical discoveries occurred in health care and technology advanced, physicians became more capable of treating patients for their illnesses. Financing in medical organizations is important so that they may afford to do more research and obtain better technology, at the moment the health care industry is 17% of the United State’s Gross Domestic Product only expecting to rise even more as time continues. Majority of the funding for the health care industry is received through the government through Medicare and Medicaid programs. The rest of the funding is being provided by private investors. To understand how well that health care industries are doing, researchers evaluate the elasticity or inelasticity of the organization’s products. If it shown to be elastic, the organization is doing well selling the product or service which as the supply to it decreases, the price will rise. Inelasticity is likely showing that it is not performing as well, organizations are either uncertain about raising prices as the supply drops or the population is not willing to pay more for the service. They will also look at the microeconomics and macroeconomics to see how they are affecting the industry’s economic situation. Microeconomic will focus on how smaller or more particular aspects in the economy are affecting price-cost relationships. Macroeconomics will look at the economic situation as the entire country as a whole to examine what effects that may be causing. The health care industry’s economy continues to be a strong focus in the United States economy as even more focus is being poured into evaluating the health care policy situation within the United States and funding relating to it. The government programs that have been created with the health care industry are still in operation and being reformed to make adjustments that are as suitable as possible to the nation in terms of quality and affordability, attempting to offer the best care and technology possible while making it available to as many as possible without costing the country so much. Economists in the United States are examining the microeconomic and macroeconomic markets to help determine the performance of the industries and what course of action will be taken, though the spending on health care in the past few years has become a large issue for the United States. Through history with the start of health care economics to the current time, funding has been a large focusing issue in the United States taking a large portion of the nations gross domestic product, far surpassing that of other nations and will continue to be a main focusing issue for economists and political debates.

Defining the Symbol essays

Defining the Symbol essays ?Human beings exist and interact in a reality which they define themselves. Inside of this reality they make use of social objects, that is, anything used between to actors in social situations that have meaning and function in that social environment (Charon 46). Many social objects are used to represent something else and are interpreted to convey more meaning. These social objects are known as symbols and it is the core of the symbolic interactionist perspective. Simply defined, a symbol is something that stands for something else. In Sociology, a symbol is classified as a social object that the members of a society have agreed represents a concept, an object, or an ideal that is not present. They are used to communicate, express intentions, represent objects and groups and define the reality that surrounds us (Charon 46-48). They can be separated into the categories of referential, expressive, and mixed symbols which can be interrupted as both of the previous mentioned types. Referential symbols are used to define and classify parts of reality. They can be used to represent an object in its absence. The wordpencil? is immediately interpreted a shaft of wood with a graphite core used for writing or a mechanical device with the same purpose. Now while the pencil itself is just a social object with a simple function, the wordpencil? acts as a symbol in that it represents the physical object. On a larger scale referential symbols are used to represent entire groups. A red star can be used to represent a political party or philosophy (Charon 50). Referential symbols can also be used to classify groups such as gender. Diana Kendall gives the example of dressing infants in certain colours, blue and red for males and pink and yellow for females, to convey immediately communicate the sex of the child (Kendall 70). These symbols are used as labels and divisions in society. Expressive symbols are used...

T.V. Violence essays

T.V. Violence essays What has the world come to these days? It often seems like everywhere one looks, violence rears its ugly head. We see it almost everywhere. Its in the streets, back alleys, school, and even at the home. One other major source of violence is the television. The television can be found in 96% of homes in the country (Langone). They cost little but serve three main purposes; to entertain, inform, and educate. However, the television began to have a new purpose in the early 1990s that still continues today; corrupting children. That leads to affecting a lot of the society. T.V violence occurs in 25% of the programs on television, not including cable (Cheyney). When children watch television they often get pulled into its realistic world of violence scenes with sometimes devastating results. There has been much research that television violence is a major source of violent behavior in children, which can effect their actions, as they get older. The truth about television violence and children has been shown. Some are trying to fight this problem. Others are ignoring it and hoping it will go away. Others dont even seem to care. The facts are undeniable. The studies have been carried out and all the results point to one conclusion: Television violence causes children and some adults to be violent and the effects can be life-long. The information cant be ignored Violent television does effect everyone. An average American watches 2.7 hours of television each week (Cheyney). Children watch more than the fair dose of violent programming (Cheyney). With that in mind the effect sometimes turn out to be dramatic. For example in California, a seven-year-old boy sprinkled ground up glass into the lamb stew the family was to eat for dinner. When the boy was asked why he did it he replied that he wanted to see if the results would be like those on television (Howe). Not only does all this violence effect the chil...

9 Free and Effective Classroom Rewards

9 Free and Effective Classroom Rewards Its no secret that schools only provide the bare minimum, so teachers often need to dip into their already shallow pockets in to supplement what the school provides in the classroom. Material rewards are one easy place where we can cut corners and still remain effective educators. You really dont need to spend your money on candy, toys, stickers, and other little goodies to extrinsically motivate, reward, and recognize your students good behavior. Emphasize intrinsic motivation and teach that learning and good behavior are rewards unto themselves. Your students will rise to your heightened expectations.   Easy, Free Rewards for Your Classroom Save yourself the trouble and consider some of the free ways you can give your students a meaningful thumbs up when they do something right. Lunch Bunch   Recognize a well-behaved table group by inviting them to Lunch Bunch with the teacher. The chosen kids bring their own lunches and eat in the classroom together with you. If you have a TV, find some cartoons to watch. Or, have the kids bring their favorite CDs from home to listen to during lunch (check the lyrics first!). They can also play games when they finish eating. The children feel special because they get to stay inside and you may even find that you enjoy this unique, low-key time with the kids as much as they do. Longer Recess   This is a great one because it doesnt have to involve extra time from you. If possible, reward a child by letting them stay outside and play until a later bell. For example, after my third graders come in, the fourth graders get to play about 10 more minutes. So, I can reward a student by letting them stay out until the fourth grade bell. You may need to double-check with yard duty supervisors before doing this. Also, you probably wont want to use this one all the time. The kids do miss some instructional time and you are relying on the supervisors to help you out. Special Seats   Reward a well-behaved (or much-improved) child by letting them work at the teachers desk for an entire day. Or, you can set up a special seat on the rug and let chosen students have a chance to sit there during story time. This free reward is zero hassle for you and quite a thrill for the kids! Whole-Group Rewards   Let individual students earn points towards a whole class reward. This works especially well for students who crave attention because they will earn positive attention from the whole class for their good behavior. For example, the student can earn a table point for their table group, or a few marbles for the class marble jar. This helps difficult students feel like a real part of the group and it provides for a little positive peer pressure to keep them performing well. Read-In Party Stay away from popcorn parties that require extra money and preparation from you. Tell the kids that they can wear pajamas to school that day (discuss appropriate attire, first!). They can also bring their favorite stuffed animal and a pillow. Use the day to celebrate the joys of reading. The kids get to lounge around the room for part of the day, reading, relaxing, and savoring the joy of books. You can also add in other literary activities for a rewarding day that sends a clear message to the students: Reading is Fun! Afternoon of Art and Music   Art and music are worthy academic subjects. But, if youre like most time-strapped teachers, you cant fit enough of them into the school day. Motivate your class with this simple reward. Let the class listen to music while they work on an art project. Theyll love it and so will you! Good Phone Call Home Why do phone calls home always have to be negative? Set this standard on its head by letting parents and guardians know how great their child is doing in your class. Most students will work really hard to get this kind of individualized recognition that will make a big difference at home. This is also a wonderful opportunity to solidify your relationship with parents. They want to know that you love their child and this is an easy way to make everyone happy. Help in Another Class   This is a great one for reinforcing academic content and building self-esteem in kids who really need it. Its hard to implement in kindergarten and first grade classes, but with other grades, it works great. Recognize a worthy student by letting them help out in a lower grade for awhile. Use your professional judgment to make it work in your classroom and school environment. Hand Stamp Dont get stuck on costly and consumable stickers. Use the simple ink stamps that you already have to let a student know that they are A-okay! Simply stamp your sign of approval on the back of the childs hand. You may want to clear this with parents first, since they might not appreciate ink on their kids hand. It may sound too good to be true, but if you dont introduce material rewards in the first place, your students will never miss them. In elementary school, children are so eager to please and so pleased to receive any little special recognition. They really will bend over backward for these types of rewards that dont cost you a penny! Edited by  Janelle Cox

Video research paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Video - Research Paper Example One of the artists to focus on with regard to this kind of music is Demi Lovato. This contemporary rock artist has managed to gather huge clouds and this is from the videos that she produces along with her songs. Demi is a 21yr old singer who started acting as her first career1. However, she later on moved on to music when she got around 18. One of her songs is heart attack where she is seen to portray great video talent and this is from the manner in which in the song she holds her microphone tight swaying with it in a manner that shows her holding on to the person that she falls in love with. In the video, she is also shown to drop the microphone at some point and this is to show how much she is willing to let go of all types of romantic relationships that may portray themselves in her life2. From the title of her song, she fears a heart attack and this clearly expressed in the manner she pushes away the male characters in her video to portray the fact that she does not need them i n her life. Slipknot is a band that is imperative to focus with regard to rock. Slipknot was formed in 1995 in the state of Iowa3. This group has acquired a huge following from the manner in which they have changed the contemporary rock generation. The change is in the manner in which they produce their shows and videos are a force that is rare to fail to reckon with regarding rock. The manner in which their videos are produced shows the highest form of rock music. The reason is that they wear masks and they rap their songs so fast that it is only avid fans with the ability to comprehend the information contained in their songs. One of their famous songs is psychosocial that shows them wearing brown masks and jumping around the stage to portray the manner in which the psychopathic person they discuss in the song acts4. When comparing these two videos and artists, one gets

"IS WAL-MART GOOD FOR AMERICA" Assignment

"IS WAL-MART GOOD FOR AMERICA" - Assignment Example The decline of Rubbermaid in the period of 1994 to 2004 began when price of resin increased, and Wal-mart could not afford the new prices. In addition, reductions for products in the market influenced sale of Rubbermaid assets to Newell and the subsequent loss of jobs. In response, Wal-mart attested against Five Rivers. However, the company won the case. The outcome made Five Rivers more competitive and facilitated reevaluation of import duties that resulted in increased Chinese prices. I am surprised to discover the aggressiveness of Wal-mart in production and distribution of low-cost products. Specifically, I am perplexed about the innovative ideas of global sourcing concept and how the firm manages to influence prices of other commodities in America. Wal-mart strategies are fair yet they adversely affect other producers. However, in the context of buyers the tactics avail cheap goods for everyone. It is providing a broad range of products at rock-bottom cost taking into consideration the prevailing economic situations (Boone 2012) Wal-mart should embrace a collaborative management approach and diversify its production mechanisms to balance the needs of different stakeholders and workers. Wal-mart should train and involve workers in supply chain

Starbucks Going Global Fast Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 13

Starbucks Going Global Fast - Essay Example Customers can get a cup of Starbucks right around the corner. Also, Starbucks is the first to offer free Wi-Fi to their customers and has introduced Starbucks prepaid cards to speed up check out time. These convenient and innovative services increase customers’ satisfaction. The biggest weakness for Starbucks comes with dissatisfaction among its employees. They have mainly concerned that the company’s remunerations packages are not commensurate with the amount of work considering the huge customer base that it enjoys. Their general feeling is that they are being underpaid and this could translate into poor services to customers. Therefore, Starbucks has to change their employment strategies and boost employee satisfaction levels so as to ensure quality products and services to their customers. Just like any other company in business Starbucks also has its opportunities and threats to its business. The first opportunities lie in its vastness, growth pace and brand recognition. Starbucks has opened its doors to global expansion thus creating lots of room for growth and gaining global status. It is true that the sales are vast but the threats in foreign countries are unforeseeable. For instance, there are cultural and preferences differences in foreign countries that Starbucks must cope with. Additionally, Starbucks faces competition from other companies in the ready to drink beverages market hence must ensure its service standards remain at the top in order to maintain the leadership position. The main problem facing Starbucks as it expands internationally revolves around strategy. The company has to develop several new strategies to increase sales and further expansion in the competitive beverage industry especially when it comes to new markets like in Japan. Although Starbucks has been in Japan for more than 10 years, it carries out its business as an American company.

Firm Growth and Competitive Advantage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Firm Growth and Competitive Advantage - Essay Example Firm growth may refer to a company’s rate of increase in a broad form of the economy with the ability to increase revenues that are helpful to the industry for a period of time. One time surge in form of revenues cannot be considered as the growth of a firm as this firm growth has to be demonstrated over long periods of time Whenever the discussion about firm growth is started, attention is drawn to major issues such as the theoretical research besides empirical research on the growth of the said firm. The said research further points out that expected rates of growth are quite independent, according to the Gibrat’s Law, from the size of the firm. Different factors have been proved to determine the dynamics of a firm. Firms should, therefore, play a major role in taking a forward step towards growth. More recent studies have pointed out that for the industrial revolution to be facilitated, then learning more about firm growth should be given the center stage for better results. Firms should, therefore, invest more in these learning activities that have a long-lasting effect on the organization’s well being. Ericson and Pakes’s model further states that just staying in the business also proved to provide the firm with relevant information on what exactly they are capable of during their inactive moments. Given the amount is seen from empirical work, the major point of concern should, therefore, be in dealing with some of the problems that arise from the selection of samples and the subsequent processes of censoring these samples after exiting of the firms.

Desiree's Baby by Kate Chopin Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Desiree's Baby by Kate Chopin - Research Paper Example This story was written at a time when interracial relationships were not accepted by the society. When Armand noticed that the baby has African-American blood, he instantly came to his own conclusion of Desiree’s family heritage. The story ends with a deserving lesson for Armand. Desiree who was abandoned at birth was adopted by the Valmondes. She later on gets married to Armand Aubigny. Initially they have a happy married life. They seemed to be a devoted couple and then eventually Desiree gives birth to a son. When Madame Valmonde came to see the child, she found something unusual about him but was soon relieved when Desiree exclaimed how proud Armand was of his son. When the baby was three months old, Desiree and Armand realise that the skin colour of the baby is similar to that of a quadroon boy which means he has the blood of African-American. Since the family background of Desiree was not known, Armand immediately came to the conclusion that she has mixed blood. An instant change crept within Armand as he began to mistreat his slaves and also distanced himself from his wife and son and â€Å"when he spoke to her, it was with averted eyes, from which the old love-light seemed to have gone out†. When Armand refused to listen to the denials of Desi ree, she was requested by Madame Valmonde to return to the Valmonde estate. Even Armand insisted Desiree to take herself and her son away from him. Then Desiree leaves with her child and walks off into a bayou. She was never seen again. Armand then burns all belongings of Desiree and the baby including all her letters to him. Among the letters there was one letter which was written by his mother to his father and this letter revealed the fact that Armand himself was of mixed blood. (Chopin, n.d) In this story the final fate of Desiree remained ambiguous. It was not clear whether she along with her son embraced death or whether she chose to live to bring up the baby away from Armand. One author James Trotman in his book mentions about the irony in Armand’s character. His own racial heritage was not clear to him, but still he rejected his wife and son after concluding that they are not worthy of him. When his mother’s letter revealed his own black ancestry, his own views on racism becomes pathetic. Before he noticed the skin colour of the baby, he was devoted to his wife and the baby. After he realised the mixed blood status of the baby he began to believe that â€Å"Almighty God had dealt cruelly and unjustly with him†. He now considered Desiree unfit to be his wife. Trotman also analyses Armand’s views on black and white women. Armand most probably had relationship with a black woman called La Blanche with whom he had a son because of the baby’s likeness to La Blanche’s son. For Armand, La Blanche was valuable only as servant and sexual partner because she was black. For him, Desiree had the right to give birth to his heir because of her white skin. When Desiree failed to meet his expectations, he discarded her with no second thoughts. All his love for her evaporated because of his own notions on racism. In a male dominated society Desiree’s life gets ruined after being abandoned by her husband. As a woman she b ecomes legally powerless because she has no right to accuse Armand. (Trotman, 2002, pp.131,132). In the end Desiree leaves with her baby and her whereabouts remain a mystery. It will be prudent to speculate that she might have settled in some other place where racial prejudice is not so much a curse. As a mother she might have thought of her son who is totally innocent and so deserves to lead a long and happy life. There is a book by Christopher Benfey which tells about the fate of Desiree. Armand becomes extremely angry on learning that his wife has borne him a mulatto child. The author without any doubt, concludes

Diversity Leadership in IHRM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Diversity Leadership in IHRM - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that diversity is often referred to as the differences between the individuals. The dissimilarities among individuals materialize in both nonvisible and visible aspects. Some of the key examples of diversity among the individuals are dissimilarities in gender, age, skills, sexual preferences, learning styles, tenure, etc. These differences are evident the workplace but at times the differences are not visible. â€Å"Excellence through diversity is one of the Chancellor's goals†, yet this term is often faced confusion, controversy, and tension. Regarding this aspect, scholars such as Griffin emphasizes managing diversity in the firm offers various advantages and the most common one emerges in the form of catering to the diversified base of customers. However, contradicting this statement another set of scholars such as Inyang and Akpama and Kiggundu believes that although managing a diverse workforce provide benefits to a firm, but it requires strong management and failure to which can lead to intergroup conflicts. Hence, it is obvious that firms planning to recruit diverse employee group must a good frame management system. In this rapidly changing workplace environment, maintaining a diverse workforce helps a company to remain competitive in the marketplace. Scholars such as Inyang emphasizes that diversity not only brings fresh perspectives to the company but also promotes innovation and equips the company with the ability to solve complex problems. Furthermore, having a diverse workforce also allows a firm to have an efficient workforce, which is a necessity in this diverse business setting. Executives who are having intercultural management skills have high demand as they have the ability to constantly adapt to this shifting trend of a marketplace.

Desiree's Baby by Kate Chopin Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Desiree's Baby by Kate Chopin - Research Paper Example This story was written at a time when interracial relationships were not accepted by the society. When Armand noticed that the baby has African-American blood, he instantly came to his own conclusion of Desiree’s family heritage. The story ends with a deserving lesson for Armand. Desiree who was abandoned at birth was adopted by the Valmondes. She later on gets married to Armand Aubigny. Initially they have a happy married life. They seemed to be a devoted couple and then eventually Desiree gives birth to a son. When Madame Valmonde came to see the child, she found something unusual about him but was soon relieved when Desiree exclaimed how proud Armand was of his son. When the baby was three months old, Desiree and Armand realise that the skin colour of the baby is similar to that of a quadroon boy which means he has the blood of African-American. Since the family background of Desiree was not known, Armand immediately came to the conclusion that she has mixed blood. An instant change crept within Armand as he began to mistreat his slaves and also distanced himself from his wife and son and â€Å"when he spoke to her, it was with averted eyes, from which the old love-light seemed to have gone out†. When Armand refused to listen to the denials of Desi ree, she was requested by Madame Valmonde to return to the Valmonde estate. Even Armand insisted Desiree to take herself and her son away from him. Then Desiree leaves with her child and walks off into a bayou. She was never seen again. Armand then burns all belongings of Desiree and the baby including all her letters to him. Among the letters there was one letter which was written by his mother to his father and this letter revealed the fact that Armand himself was of mixed blood. (Chopin, n.d) In this story the final fate of Desiree remained ambiguous. It was not clear whether she along with her son embraced death or whether she chose to live to bring up the baby away from Armand. One author James Trotman in his book mentions about the irony in Armand’s character. His own racial heritage was not clear to him, but still he rejected his wife and son after concluding that they are not worthy of him. When his mother’s letter revealed his own black ancestry, his own views on racism becomes pathetic. Before he noticed the skin colour of the baby, he was devoted to his wife and the baby. After he realised the mixed blood status of the baby he began to believe that â€Å"Almighty God had dealt cruelly and unjustly with him†. He now considered Desiree unfit to be his wife. Trotman also analyses Armand’s views on black and white women. Armand most probably had relationship with a black woman called La Blanche with whom he had a son because of the baby’s likeness to La Blanche’s son. For Armand, La Blanche was valuable only as servant and sexual partner because she was black. For him, Desiree had the right to give birth to his heir because of her white skin. When Desiree failed to meet his expectations, he discarded her with no second thoughts. All his love for her evaporated because of his own notions on racism. In a male dominated society Desiree’s life gets ruined after being abandoned by her husband. As a woman she b ecomes legally powerless because she has no right to accuse Armand. (Trotman, 2002, pp.131,132). In the end Desiree leaves with her baby and her whereabouts remain a mystery. It will be prudent to speculate that she might have settled in some other place where racial prejudice is not so much a curse. As a mother she might have thought of her son who is totally innocent and so deserves to lead a long and happy life. There is a book by Christopher Benfey which tells about the fate of Desiree. Armand becomes extremely angry on learning that his wife has borne him a mulatto child. The author without any doubt, concludes

International Relation Theory Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

International Relation Theory - Case Study Example This school of thought argues that this was not normal intervention since it raised questions regarding the legitimacy of humanitarian intervention, the nature of sovereignty statehood and the role of international community to rescue individual and nations at risk. Using the English approach in studying the conflict in Kosovo makes it possible to understand the need of international intervention in relation to rule of sovereignty and general prohibition against use of force. According to social constructivist approach, argues the causes of the riots by the Kosovo students were motivated by political reasons whereby the Kosovar Albanians demanded for republican status within Yugoslavia. In this regard, the actions by the kosovars demonstrated their collective identity in that these demonstrations led to reforms that strengthened Albanian identity. Throughout the 1980’s, there was growth of Yugoslav identification and its implication for the stability of the Yugoslav, but through socialization, people began to view themselves differently. This perception made Yugoslav vulnerable because of lack of state support and the emergence of entrepreneurs using nationalist ideas to pursue a variety of agenda. The rise of nationalist entrepreneurs began to portray Kosovo issue as victimization of Serbs in Kosovo and larger problem with Yugoslavia as a whole. In addition, constructivist theory can be applied in federalism did not serve to answer all of national questions in Yugoslavia. In Kosovo, the Yugoslav idea was not accepted by those of Albanian ethnicity who were majority of the population in the area. The federal structure that confined Albanian population to the status of national minority and Kosovo to sub federal unit has won wider acceptance among Kosovo Albanians. The kosovar Albanians took into uprisings to protest against their incorporation in Yugoslav political structure. This idea manifested in 1980 when the kosovars Albanians rejected the Yugoslav ideas eventually plunging them into deadly conflict. The conflict in Kosovo led to systematic rape, which is identified by international law as war crime. Therefore, liberal feminist seeks to whose law is it because rape is interpreted from gendered viewpoint as attack on woman’s honor. Liberal feminist on the other hand recruited women in the military force. Women helped in provision of services in legal institutions in that they acted as prosecutors and attorneys this was done with the aim of promoting gender equality and preserve public image. In addition, gendered expectation and assumption in conflict resolution is vital in that it gives women a chance to move from victim part, and reclaim their agency and participate actively in recovery process. Critical feminist perspective seek s to understand how the contemporary world order developed and to identify who is hurt or benefit by current array of power relation. In addition, the war led to massive women trafficking and exclusion of women from decision-making based on gendered and ethnicized interpretation of woman’s place in Kosovo society. The question that many historians pose is that what led the United States of America to engage herself in the operation-allied forces in 1999? Unites states had little extrinsic or economic interest in the Balkans after the Soviet Union had collapsed. The republic of Yugoslavia was weak and poor situated on the periphery of Europe. The conflicts in Kosovo caused a security threat to US secondary interest in Europe given that the country was closer to NATO

Biological oxygen demand (BOD) of water sample analysis Essay Example for Free

Biological oxygen demand (BOD) of water sample analysis Essay Qualitative data: Collected sample was very murky The first end point colour was of a yellow colour, perhaps not light enough Addition of starch indicator produced a grey-black solution; perhaps did not add enough indicator, however this did not pose as a problem There was one occasion where I suspected to have added too much sodium thiosulphate, however the second trial indicated that I did not go past the end point too much Calculations To calculate the dissolved oxygen content (mg/dm ³ or ppm), we must first determine the number of mols of thiosulphate from the mean titrated volume of both samples. In this case, we will use sample A. The Winkler method indicates that the relationship between the amount of oxygen and thiosulphate is a four to one ratio. Therefore, we will divide the number of mols of thiosulphate by four to get the number of mols of oxygen. Then we convert this to milligrams per dm ³ first by multiplying by 20 to arrive with the number of mols present in 1dm ³ (because the pond water sample used was 50cm ³). Then we multiply that number by 32 (molecular mass of oxygen) to attain the number of grams of oxygen. Then finally, the number is multiplied by 1000 to be converted into milligrams. The biological oxygen demand (BOD) would therefore be the difference between the DO of sample A and sample B.

Summary of Slaughter House Five :: Novels Literature Slaughter House Five Essays

Summary of Slaughter House Five Chapter One: The first chapter serves as an introduction in which Vonnegut directly addresses the reader, pointing out that the book is based on events that really occurred. He experienced first-hand the destruction of Dresden, during WWII, an event that he has never been able to put out of his mind. For twenty-three years, he has wanted to write about it. Vonnegut's attitude towards war becomes clear in this first chapter. He sees it as a totally futile occurrence, but he is resigned to the fact that war will always exist. He feels that wars have taught people insensitivity towards death. He cites the detached attitude of a woman writer as she relayed the news of a young veteran's dying. He finds such a nonchalant, uncaring attitude repulsive in any human being. Vonnegut then points out the irony in the fact that war tries to fight violence with more violence. He also questions the American government's treatment of violence as a "top secret" affair that is not to be discussed. I took this as interesting it’s just the first chapter and yet the author is pointing out and beating you with multifaceted issues that he will hopefully find solutions to towards the end of the novel. The character displayed as the author of the story tells of how he writes it and the events which lead to publication. In one instance he meets with a fellow veteran, Bernard O’Hare. When faced with his wife, Mary O'Hare's anger about war, Vonnegut assures her that his book will not glorify violence. Her main concern is the death of "babies" who will grow up and die in war. Along with his assurance to her, he also considers calling the book, "The Children's Crusade." The author has tried to pass on his knowledge of the futility of destruction to his children. He wants the younger generation to understand what the older ones have always failed to. Mary seems bizarre but I understand her purpose and that is to set out the mindset that the book wants the reader to adhere. There is a lot of precautions Vonnegut is making before he even preludes the story. Vonnegut revisits Dresden with O'Hare, and this, along with the completion of this book, is of great importance to him. With these two things he has managed to free himself of his obsession.

Ethics Paper -- essays research papers

Everyday we each face questions of what we ought to do. We sometimes ask ourselves, â€Å"What if everyone did that?† Every time you decide to pick up a piece of trash because you want the city to look nice, you are not doing it because of the aesthetic effect of one piece of trash, but rather what the city would look like if no one picked up their trash. Kant uses this everyday question in his system of morality as part of the categorical imperative. For Kant, the morality of an action can be determined by the categorical imperative. Kant would like to determine the morality of stealing, therefore Kant wants to examine the morality of â€Å"I will steal anything I want to satisfy my desire for it†. Then Kant rephrases the statement to ask the question of what if everybody did it, â€Å"Everyone will steal anything they want to satisfy their desire for it.† Then Kant makes that statement a maxim, a law which must be followed by everyone in Kant’s test world. Kant examines the world and asks if you can consistently will your maxim in a world in which that is a law? But if everyone steals anything they desire, how will there be property rights since it is okay for anyone to take anything at any time? There can’t. Since there are no property rights, the maxim breaks down since stealing only occurs when someone takes property from its rightful owner. Since there is a contradiction in the 1 conception of the maxim, you are prohibited from acting on that maxim. Imagine Ice Man, a cold, rational person that does not find inner satisfaction in spreading joy and cannot take delight in the satisfaction of others. Does Ice Man have a duty to help others when they are in need? Ice Man is wealthy and not in need of help from others? Ice Man wants to determine the morality of â€Å"I will not help others when they are in need of help.† Therefore, what if everyone did not help others when they are in need of help. Despite this being an unhappy world, there is no contradiction in conception in this maxim unlike above. But does it pass Kant’s contradiction in willing test? Ice Man is defined as a rational being. As a rational being, Ice Man knows that one day he too will be in need. Since he is a rational being, he will prefer that someone would help him and as a rational being, cannot will that no one would help other when they are in need. Since it fails the contradiction in willing test, ev... ...by universalizing the situation and removing your own self interest, then we judge the consequences to our actions without prejudice or preference. By ignoring the question of â€Å"What if everyone did that?†, we can 3 justify murder, lies, and other unmoral acts that can hurt much more than we realize in the heat of the moment. If I leave a piece of trash on the ground when I am in rush or otherwise pressured and believe that is okay, that piece of trash on the ground means that someone else will have to pick it up and that other people will feel more free to drop their trash there.1 Many actions may seem to hurt no one, but in the aggregate do cause pain to others. By ignoring the question of â€Å"What if everyone did that?†, we ignore the infinitesimal effects our actions have on everyone we come into contact with it or simply feel the secondary effects. Therefore, the universal question of â€Å"What if everyone did that?† should be a part of our ethical thinking. 1I did an informal study on this in my social room last year with both dirty dishes in the sink and paper towels on the floor. The difference in dirtiness after an hour was impressive. Real studies have been done on this as well.

Firefly: Malaysia Airlines and Airline Industry Essay

2.0 Background to the organization Firefly is the wholly-owned subsidiary by the Malaysia Airline System Berhad (MAS). Firefly is launched on April 3rd 2007 as well as it is the Malaysia’s first community airline that operated under FlyFirefly Sdn Bhd. the Malaysia’s first community airline also known as a new Malaysian no-frills airline. The name of Firefly is come from the characteristics of agility, brilliance, charm, and fun. Firefly offers a full service point-to-point carrier. The head office of Firefly is located at Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport in Subang, Selangor. The first flight of the Firefly was from Subang Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport to Penang International Airport, on the 2nd April 2007. Besides Airline of Air Asia Berhad, Firefly is another low-cost airliner. It mean that Firefly has the separate management compare with MAS even though it is wholly-owned subsidiary by MAS. Firefly is operated in two hubs that are located at Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport, Subang, Selangor and Penang International Airport. Penang is the second big hub after the Kuala Lumpur. The aim of the Firefly is to bring communities closer by overcoming geographical constraints, link the world to the communities we serve, and contribute to the economy of the communities by bringing trade and tourism. Firefly not only wants to bring together the community in Malaysia but also for travelers to visit both of our neighboring countries and throughout the region. Become the Malaysia’s first community airline, Firefly most emphasis on the safety and comfort it its flying experience. However, Firefly try their best to provide the best service to their customers such as getting their customers to the destination in the shorter time, cost effective and make flying Firefly as a fun. 3.0 Situation analysis Positive or negative of general environment in the airline industry will significant affect the growth of the Firefly Airline. In order to growth the position and hit the target of Firefly, it is important to understand the current situation of external factor that can influence the Firefly Airline. 3.1General Environment 3.1.1 Political Fully Deregulation of the airline since December 2008 allow the member state to fly across other’s territory, make fuelling stop as well as pick up the passenger in order to complete their journey to reach their destination. This deregulation brings the benefit such as enhance the customer’s choice and increase the competition. For most time, the political stability and government decision will directly affect the direction and decision of the company. For example, the Malaysian government policy to support and develop the Low Cost Travel sector (Bernama 2006) was good news well for Firefly because Firefly applied the strategies of low cost carrier. Another example is Firefly took over the service rural air service in year 2007 announced by Transport Minister Datuk Seri Chan Kong Choy (The star 2007). Datuk Seri Chan Kong Choy announced that the rural air service was the responsibility of the government and they will continue to subsidies the cost for the operation of the rural air service to maintain the low-fare structure. Apart from that, On the 24 March 2010, the state government of Perak signed a contract for strategies collaboration with Firefly to promote tourism and foreign investment in their state. The decision of the state government brings good news to Firefly. Though this collaboration, Firefly can enhance their reputation and increase their profit. Ps: if too much words, can delete it or add to opportunity. 3.1.2 Economic [pic] Firure1: Traffic Update for Association of Asia Pacific Airlines (AAPA) Member Airlines Source: AAPA (2010). From the figure 1, we can clearly see that the increase 10.7% in the passengers by November 2010 compared with November 2009. The main reason for the increase in passengers is Asia Pacific carrier had successfully in economic downturn. However, carriers need to carefully in the global recovery economic in develop market as well as the threat of high oil price or government increase the taxes. Due to the global recovery economic, Firefly planed to increase 3 new planes as the demand of travel. However, Firefly will be caution in the fuel cost since it steadily rising. 3.1.3 Socio cultural As a lower travel carrier, Firefly position itself at the middle class airline. Hence, we can see that Firefly always focus on four community that are The Holiday Goers community, the â€Å"Balik Kampung† Community, The â€Å"Indonesia Workers† community, and The Business Community. The Holiday Goers community is convenient to the tourists or Malaysians who like to visit the Langkawi, Phuket, Koh Samui. Firefly provides an attractive price for the tourists to encourage them flight on Firefly. For the â€Å"Balik Kampung† Community and the â€Å"Indonesia Workers† community, there have the same purpose. It allow the worker who work on other state or country as well as for those who want visit their relatives at hometown to reach their destination easily at a reasonable price. In addition, Firefly connect with major cities such as Johor Bahru, Penang, Alor Setar and Subang enable the executive travel their business trip convenient. 3.1.4 Technological  The aircraft of Firefly is the product that combined with the advanced technology. The aircraft named ATR 72-500 not only fuel efficiency, but also for the noise friendly. It compliant with noise regulations and have a large margin with regard to Chapter IV (ICAO) noise regulations effective 1st January 2006. ATR operate at relatively low altitude, leaving the ozone layer unaffected and barely contributing to pollution of the upper atmosphere such as features of low fuel burn and gaseous emissions. It also supports the Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol as it is an opportunity to contribute to the prosperity of developing countries through the transfer of cleaner and greener technologies. Besides this, the 72-seat aircraft will be equipped with the â€Å"Elegance† cabin, Light Emitting Diode (LED) as well as the newest technological innovations in passenger comfort, communications and navigation tools. 3.2 Industry condition [pic] The Porter’s five force model is major affected in the airline industry due to the airline industry become the major and important industry in our world. Though the five forces of Porter, we can clearly understand the industry condition. The five forces include rivalry among existing competitors, threat of new entrants, threats of substitution products or services, bargaining power of supplier and bargaining power of buyer. 3.2.1 Rivalry among existing competitors  Rivalry among existing competitors mean that the competition between the existing competitors in an industry. Normally, this type of competition earn a low returns because the cost of competition are quite high. The competitors exist in the airline industry is high. Except the Firefly owned by MAS, there also have Air Asia, Berjaya Air, Layang-Layang Aerospace, Sabah Air and Hornbill Skyways which is a helicopter service that operates in the rural area of Sarawak. In order to boosts its market share, all competitors will try their best to offer different type of services, cut-fare and other benefit to grab the more and more customers from their competitor. This type of competition will result the overall slow market growth rate. 3.2.2 Threat of new entrants Threat of new entrants refers to the threat of new competitors to enter the exits market. If the new entrants can enter the market easily, that means the barriers to entry are low. Whereas if the new entrants difficult to enter the market, the barriers of entry are high. In the airline industry, the market is nearly saturated with the existing airline such as MAS, Air Asia, and Firefly and so on. The new entrants will face a lot of barriers if they want enter the market. One of the barriers is cost of entry. Airline industry is expensive industry. The cost of technology, buying or leasing aircraft and manpower are high. Another barrier is the brand name of existing market. For the most time, customers will loyalty to the brand that they preferred 3.2.3 Threat of substitute product A threat of substitute product is stated that the availability of another product that customers can purchases to replace for existing product. Airline industry considers highly risk in threats of substitute product. Customers would change their choice to another airline company if that company provides the lower price than others. The competitions between the airline industries enable all competitors to come out the better services, promotion and lower price. 3.2.4 Bargaining power of suppliers  Bargaining power of suppliers is the ability to setting the price. Normally the suppliers are power if there are not so many substitute supplier and suppliers more control and concentrated. The main suppliers in the Airline Industry are Boeing and Airbus. Therefore, airline industry isn’t any cutthroat competition due to the limited of suppliers. In other words, Airline Company less opportunity for the bargaining in industry and it can be threats of industry. 3.2.5 Bargaining power of buyers Bargaining power of buyers refer to the ability of the customers to setting the price. In Airline industry, bargaining power of customers are high because the highly competitive.

First experience to a foreign country Essay

I have an aunt who has been living in the United States since she was eighteen years old and she used to invite me to stay with her many times. One day I decided to go. Staying with her and her family was one of the greatest experiences in my life. Besides learning a new language, I made new friends and I really got into the culture of a great and beautiful country. When I arrived there, I got very excited. First, I was excited because it was my first time in a foreign country, and second because I was going to live something really new in my life. On the other hand, learning English wasn’t an easy process because my aunt used to speak just Portuguese with me; I used to take English classes just twice a week and all the students were foreign too. My experience of learning English in a regular course was limited to this little experience and a short period taking English as a Second Language at the local College. Thus, from that period until de end of the time there, I learned the language with the people from the city and the new friends I had met. Besides the experience of studying a new language, making new friends was the best aspect of living abroad. I had a girlfriend who lived in a beautiful city by the Pacific Ocean and I used to spend every weekend with her. We used to go out often and in one of these times I met my first American boyfriend. He was handsome and very kind and we had a great time together. He took me to many interesting places and showed me the authentic American way of life by introducing me to his family, his friends and his culture. Moreover, going out constantly and talking to him helped me to improve the skills with the language and mainly to be familiar with the American people and their habits and customs. Another great experience I had was working as a babysitter. Once I read in the newspaper an advertisement looking for a foreign girl to take care of two children. At first I got really scared with the big responsibility of taking care of two children, but I decided to live this new adventure. The family’s house was in a very nice place by the ocean and the children were very cute and curious about my â€Å"weird accent†. In spite of the fact that this new experience wasn’t easy due to my lack of practice at that time,  everything went well and the whole situation was very meaningful to my life.

Disaster Prevention, Incident Response, and Relocation

Recently, there have been a lot of efforts being made by organizations and government agencies that focus on disaster prevention and mitigation. Disaster, as defined by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (2007), â€Å"takes many forms — a hurricane, an earthquake, a tornado, a flood, a fire or a hazardous spill, an act of nature or an act of terrorism. † The advent of efforts that generally apply to environmental and natural disasters, as well as man-controlled disasters, has stirred many of us.In this light, this paper will also give an overview at the way disaster prevention, disaster incident response, and disaster relocation are being handled in the society, particularly in the technological aspect of the sourcing process. First, the concept of disaster prevention could be considered as a basic part of any research source since the idea of disaster preparedness had not been so new a concept.In this regard, a website made by an Ethiopian agency embarks on disast er prevention and preparedness. The site has the title Disaster Prevention and Preparedness Agency (DPPA), and it functions as a governmental commission that acts as an information board relegating to several important data for its audiences. Its main focus is on the humanitarian situation in Ethiopia.The sections in the homepage provide the categories of information and these include: the news section where news clips of related humanitarian activities are linked; public relations section wherein publications made by the DPPA are shown; livelihoods section presenting regional livelihood analyses; pledges and deliveries section which shows the status of responses to humanitarian appeal; and other categories that generally determine related information. The website serves as a database that does not merely show the programs of the DPPA but also the activities which characterize its endeavors.How disaster prevention is illustrated in the website is transcended more with the commission ’s activities rather than the information that individuals should look into in going in-depth at disaster prevention. The program lay out mentioned disaster prevention as looking into the root causes first in order to anticipate actions, in which the mechanism of Employment Generation Scheme was applied (DPPA, 2009); however, the mechanism seems to be a needs-based approach – giving relief (food) in exchange to the victims’ physical work. This somehow connotes unsustainability.Personally, I see the website as a mask for a marketing method to gain assistance from aid organizations. Second, carrying the concept of incident response is the website of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). Mainly acting as a response unit, FEMA has several coordinating subgroups which specialize according to the varying forms of disasters. Among these coordinating groups are Emergency Response Teams, Federal Incident Response Support Teams, Hurricane Liaison Team, Urban Sea rch and Rescue Task Forces, Mobile Emergency Response Support, and many other categorizations.In the website, there is also a major part that includes the mechanism where incident response is applied. This mechanism is called modeling, and is considered as â€Å"essential element of [†¦] planning efforts [†¦] for different circumstances and data sets† (FEMA, 2007). Further, the website includes the specific actions that it does as a response unit. Some of these undertakings are centered on the development of mission assignments, and coordination with other concerned agencies.This website is indeed informational, although it could somehow appear to give out an information overload, but nevertheless, it serves its function in imparting knowledge about an agency’s incident response to disaster. The third website is a link on disaster relocation which is shown by the Laguna Beach City in California. It shows a government plan that aims to establish relocation whe n a disaster that requires an immediate evacuation occurs.Very simplistic does the plan seem, such that it states that â€Å"every family [must] designate an out-of-state contact to help coordinate family reunion plans† (City of Laguna Beach, 2006) when a major disaster strikes. The website visually looks like an advertisement for vacation places, but over-all, its content is simplistically relevant. To summarize, the three websites are shown in a much differentiated manner. The contents are highly regarded as informational, although the focus of the contents of each site does not necessarily revolve in the topic headings that they have.The website for FEMA is probably the most informational among the three since it gives a comprehensive lay down of the activities and the coordinating groups that are needed in its functioning. Disaster and its adverse effects could be mitigated by individual preparedness. The starting point in disaster preparedness is to â€Å"help your comm unity by [first] preparing yourself† (Canadian Red Cross, 2009). Meanwhile, web sources are commonly relied upon in times of disasters, so it is important that these sources are able to provide comprehensive information that would help people in facing such risky situations.

Does it make sense to say that a fetus has a right to life Explain the Essay

Does it make sense to say that a fetus has a right to life Explain the general beliefs about the nature of rights which underp - Essay Example This is an interesting debate since it brings out the most intriguing debates on abortion and its legality. This paper will bring out the philosophical arguments that surround the notion of life and juxtapose them to each other in an attempt to reach a conclusion. It will be an effort when one can claim that fetus acquires the right to life in the process for pregnancy and that there is no outright black or white answer to the question of whether fetus has a right to life. To begin with, the central issue in this question is the status of the fetus. There are in total three different philosophical grounds for this debate: the liberal, the conservatives, and the moderates. Let the paper begin with the liberalist’s argument on the topic. Mary Ann Warren, a famous liberalist on this notion, analyses the concept of personhood. Her claim is that if one assumes fetus to be a person, then it justly proves its right to life but then the whole question boils down to the definition of p ersonhood. Therefore, Warren suggests a five-point postulate, which is agreed upon by pro-life and pro-abortion alike (Baumgardner, 15). First, a person is conscious of objects and events, which exist externally and internally with respect to his being particularly, the ability to sense pain. Second, a person can exercise reasoning, which means that one has a capacity to solve complex problems. Third, a person can carry on activities on motivation derived by his own self. Fourth, a person has an ability to communicate and lastly, a person is the one who possesses self-concept and self-awareness. Using this as a criterion, warren argues that despite the fact that the fetus will eventually grow up to be a person fulfilling all these standards, it does not, in its present status possesses any moral status and thus a right to life. However, one cannot ignore that this definition of personhood and demolishing fetus from being considered a person legally provides just grounds for infantic ide. Thus, the argument of personhood becomes illogical and irrelevant until a divine ‘rationale’ is introduced. Hence, this definition of personhood denies the potentiality and eccentricity of the fetus. Now the paper turns to conservatives. These people argue that a fetus has a moral status since the day of conception. John Noonan, a pro-life activist defies the argument of stages of development of fetus. He contends that these stages do not exist in real and that the human development takes place with continuity. He notes that whether the fetus is a result of rape or not planned or is a sufferer of any defect, these exceptions should not be exempted from the rule. The only way this school of thought permits abortion is when the embryo poses danger to the life of mother. Between these polar and raging extremes lies the moderate school of thought. Jane English, a famous proponent of this view suspects the concept of personhood explained by Warren and takes into conside ration both the views and gives her decision in favor of what US Supreme Court decided a in the case of Roe vs. Wade in 1973 (Romaine, 105). Her basic

Organizational analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Organizational analysis - Essay Example We were affiliated to the Saint Vincent’s Hospital until 2010 before the hospital was closed and Beth Israel took over the center. Beth Israel is part of the Continuum Health Partners Corporation, a nonprofit organization which operates a network of hospitals in New York. It provides primary care services and specialty treatments to patients. Apart from offering the aforementioned services, the company also offers services to patients in group and private practice settings and ambulatory centers. Continuum Health Partners Inc. was founded in 1997 by Beth Israel and Saint Luke’s –Roosevelt Hospital. A few years later, Long Island College Hospital and New York Eye and Ear infirmary joined the network. According to its website, it has a $2.1 billion budget and its hospital delivers inpatient care with a capacity of 3,100 certified beds distributed in seven major hospitals facilities in Manhattan and Brooklyn. Continuum Health Partners files an IRS form 990, which is the tax document that allows the IRS and the public to evaluate nonprofit organizations and how they operate. Continuum Health Partners Corporation is a nonprofit organization that can be analyzed by reviewing its mission, tax exemption status, established board of trustees, policies and compensations. A nonprofit organization’s is required to have a mission that benefits the community, society or the world. According to Renz and Associates’ The Jossey-Bass Handbook, â€Å"a nonprofit organization is an unofficial government agency and it is not a business seeking to make profit† (2010, p35). Continuum qualifies as a nonprofit organization because it has a mission to benefit society by providing medical services. According to the organization’s website, â€Å"Continuum’s goal is to ensure that each facility is equipped with the resources needed to provide the best care in a compassionate and friendly environment.† The organization states th at it is well equipped to identify and respond to the health related needs of the population that it serves, especially in Manhattan and Brooklyn. Continuum Health Partner’s main objective is to improve health and health care in the various communities that it serves. In general, it is a network of hospitals that work together to coordinate and deliver a broad spectrum of services to the community. Organizations that claim to be not-for-profit are eligible for tax exemptions. The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) code states that if an organization qualifies for the exemption, it is required to file form 1023 of the Internal Revenue Service. Even though, tax-exempt nonprofit organizations do not pay federal taxes, they do have to file a form with the IRS which allows them to maintain their tax-exempt status. There are over seventy categories of tax-exempt nonprofit organizations registered in the federal tax law. Continuum Health Partners is registered in line with section 501(c ) of the tax law which means that it is an American tax-exempt, nonprofit organization or association. In addition, Continuum is registered as under section 501(c) 3 of the same laws and therefore is a corporation that aims at promoting health. â€Å"Tax exemption is provided for a variety of organizations, which are described in section 501(c) 3 of the Internal Revenue Code (Continuum Health Partners, 2009). Exemption is available for cooperative hospital

The Ideal Classroom and School Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

The Ideal Classroom and School - Assignment Example This essay describes the role of education and how it can be assisted by the ideal classroom and school, ultimately concluding that such concepts are tied into present culture and needs and so should remain flexible. Ultimately, the construction of any ideal is dependent upon perspective and the ability to meet the needs of one's learners. It is therefore imperative that ideals are not copied from one place to another, but that each educator seeks their own answers. Many of the more pragmatic suggestions for creating an ideal classroom in research literature relate to secondary education, but interestingly the two projects currently attempting to construct an ideal classroom are focussing on the primary age range. With the practicalities of constructing an ideal classroom at an early stage in academic literature, a more philosophical approach is taken in this essay. From this perspective, practical ideas are discussed in terms of why they are thought to be ideal. As the notion of an ideal classroom is as much a theoretical as a practical concern, I do not judge the existing literature to be lacking as empirical research into an ideal classroom would be heavily dependent upon its culture and context, arguably suffering from a lack of generalisability from its very nature. The broader role of education discussed by Wragg in Moon et al. ... The broader role of education discussed by Wragg in Moon et al. (2002) includes flexibility, that the aim is simply to meet students' needs. While this slightly dodges a question by posing another question (e.g. who determines and limits the needs), the intent suggests that the concept of 'ideal' has to be a fluid one. An ideal classroom now may not be one in 20 years, nor is the ideal classroom for a London school necessarily ideal for a similar school in Hull. The concept of an ideal classroom and school may be culture bound as much as it is resource driven, so it is necessarily to strictly define for what purpose the classroom is 'ideal'. As with Moon et al. (ibid), this poses the question "ideal for what" To argue that education has changed so little over millennia suggests comparison to another field where little has changed, namely philosophy. Philosophy has value to society for its questions rather than its answers, and I would argue that education is very much the same. It is so much a part of our human and social condition that each generation must ask itself the same questions even if the answers are only temporary. If philosophy is the question of who we are, education represents who we want to be. In the thousands of years of human education, classrooms and schools are a relatively recent innovation. They arguably account for a small proportion of what is learnt through a lifetime, for example Moon argues that the challenge for formal teaching is how to transpose the extraordinary human capacity for learning, particularly in the young, to those artificial worlds we have created in schools and classrooms. (Moon et al., 2002 p.3) McIntyre illustrates this point by stressing that the "concept of teaching has no

National Assemblies of Kuwait Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

National Assemblies of Kuwait - Essay Example 97). The subsequent National Assembly election was conduct in 1971, and it also produced an assembly that was deemed compliant with the wishes of the ruling family. Most of the former nationalist leaders, including al-Khatib, failed to re-enter the assembly. However, the 1971-1975 National Assembly made its voice heard during negotiations with major oil companies. It was during this session of the National Assembly that the opposition to Kuwaiti participation with the KOC began, starting Kuwait’s path towards nationalizing oil resources (p. 97). Nationalization of oil happened under the National Assembly of 1975, which also enthusiastically opposed other policies of the Amir. Finally, wary of the impact that a vibrant opposition would have on the ruling family, as well as with relations between Kuwait and other Arab states that disapproved of assemblies and the resulting Arab nationalist opposition groups, the Amir dissolved the assembly in 1976 (p.97). Kuwait remained without an assembly until elections were held in 1981. While they were relatively free and fair, the government subtly supported Islamist leaders as a counter-balance to the nationalists the government was still uncomfortable with. This meant that opposition pioneer al-Khatib was unable to rejoin the assembly again. Islamists formed the opposition core, while pro-administration Bedouins also made gains. The assembly was vocal in its opposition to the government to various government policies, including legislative-executive relations (p. 98). The next assembl y elections in 1985 saw the government encourage nationalists and Bedouins to run so as to reduce the Islamist influence. This assembly resulted in the formation of nationalist and Islamist opposition blocks that coordinated to block government bills. So effective was this assembly in opposing the government that, yet again, it

Engine Management Systems Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Engine Management Systems - Coursework Example The FADEC controls the fuel injection and timing; hence, optimize engine power. This adds the considerable amount of wiring to the system due to the needed separate power supply for backup from the alternator. The extra weight of parts of FADEC system has to be checked and recalculated for adjustment. FADEC has cockpit controls and other extra switches added to this system to control the fuel pump. These systems are protected by the FADEC power supply (Gunston, 1990)). The ECU has a 3D memory map, which controls fuel injection under varied circumstances for instance, air pressure density and the air temperature, with respect to throttle settings and the RPM. The Electronic Control Unit can sense barometric pressure and respond by injecting fuel. The spark plug ignition timing is controlled depending on load for each throttle settings. The ignition timing variations yields faster engine starting and smoother operations with the variable loads. The FADEC engine does not need chocking d uring starting since the ECU controls fuel for every cylinder and assists in retarding the ignition. FADEC system does not use the carburetor and the ignition and does not also depend on aircraft electrical system (Guttman, 2009). On the other hand, in the hydromechanical control system, the driver is in control of the aircraft power plant using an internal combustion engine. The sensors and control are the alternator and the battery masters. The battery master activates the battery contractor that connects the battery to the electrical bus aircraft. Alternator master applies power to the field circuit of the alternator to activate the circuit. The two switches provide power to the aircraft systems. The throttle sets up the required power level and controls the massive air-flow rate in the carbureted engines that are delivered to the cylinder. Pitch control adjust the speed unit, which then adjusts the propeller pitch and controls the load required by the engine in maintaining the R PM. The mixture control will in turn set the needed fuel to add to the airflow intake. At high altitudes, the oxygen levels reduce and, therefore, volume of the fuel must readjust to the required air-fuel mixture. The ignition switch opens the ‘P’’lead circuit by activating the magnetos. The magnetron maintains the process of sending the output voltage to spark plugs and connects the engine through the gearing. Movement in the crankshaft causes the magnetrons to generate voltage for sparking (Hispano-Suiza, 2001). TASK 2: FADEC SYSTEM The FADEC system is connected to inputs and outputs as illustrated in the diagram 01 Diagram 01: INPUT AND OUTPUTS OF A FADEC FADEC system is the most current system used to control the aircraft engines. The computers form part of its components and have the ability to process more data than the hydromechanical control system. This, therefore. enables the FADEC to optimize the operation of the engine system, as well performs other f unctions. This includes fuel control, power management, Sourcing data for ECM controlling of thrust reverser, shutting down, detecting of faults for the system, monitoring all components of the engine, as well as sourcing data to be used for engine indication. In order to achieve these tasks, the FADEC has various components. These components include Electronic Engine Control (EEC) and the auxiliary components. These auxiliary components include the sensors, ignition systems the stator valves, the actuator controller, FADEC Alternator, the Reverser